Adipsin is a protein secreted by fat cells that helps regulate fat metabolism and insulin response to glucose. It also maintains beta-cell function in the pancreas. Low levels of Adipsin are linked to glucose intolerance and impaired beta-cell function. Maintaining a healthy weight and a balanced diet along with exercise can help keep Adipsin levels in check, reducing the risk of glucose intolerance and diabetes.

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a protein produced in brain cells (neurons). BDNF is important for the survival and growth of neurons and is involved in memory and learning functions. It also regulates mood, glucose, and energy metabolism. Low levels of BDNF are linked to brain fog and poor concentration. Regular physical activity and stress management can be helpful in improving brain function and reducing the risk of mental illness.

C-Peptide measures insulin production in the body. Low levels can lead to low blood sugar, impaired pancreatic function and metabolic dysregulation, while high levels may indicate excessive insulin production. Symptoms of low blood sugar include dizziness, hunger, and sweating, while high blood sugar causes increased thirst, frequent urination, and blurred vision. To reduce the risk of insulin-related issues, regular exercise and balanced nutrition are important.

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is produced by the liver and measures inflammation in the body. High levels can be caused by infections, autoimmune conditions, or organ damage, and symptoms include weight gain, pain, fever, chills, nausea, muscle stiffness, exhaustion, and breathing difficulties. Balancing nutrition, exercise, and quality sleep can reduce inflammation risk and aid recovery from infection and illness.

Chemerin is a molecule produced in fat tissue. It plays a crucial role in immune function and regulating insulin secretion. Elevated Chemerin levels are linked to obesity and inflammation. With high levels, you may experience symptoms similar to insulin resistance which include increased thirst and frequent urination. Balanced nutrition, regular exercise and reducing alcohol can help prevent obesity and reduce the risk of developing heart disease, diabetes and liver disease.

Cortisol is a hormone released by the body in response to stress. Cortisol regulates energy, blood pressure, metabolism, inflammation and the sleep-wake cycle. With high Cortisol levels, you may experience weight gain, fatigue, difficulty concentrating and sleep problems. Low levels are associated with weight loss, muscle weakness and mood swings. Balanced nutrition, regular exercise, quality sleep and avoiding too much caffeine can help to regulate the stress impact on your body.

Eotaxin-3 is a protein involved in the immune system that stimulates the movement of immune cells to sites of inflammation. High levels are associated with allergies, causing symptoms like coughing, sneezing, runny nose, headache, and breathing difficulties. A balanced diet, reduced alcohol consumption, quitting smoking, and regular exercise can help to maintain healthy levels of Eotaxin-3, reduce symptoms and support the immune system.

Estradiol is a hormone involved in reproductive development and contributes to bone, joint, and brain health. High levels in women can lead to heavy periods, weight gain, brain fog, and fatigue. High levels in men can cause sexual dysfunction and infertility. Low levels can impact bone growth and density, lead to decreased libido, and increased abdominal fat. Estradiol declines with age and menopause. Physical fitness can help improve bone density, muscle strength, stamina, and energy levels.

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is produced in bones and regulates phosphate levels and Vitamin D through its action on the kidneys. High levels may indicate kidney dysfunction and symptoms like pain during urination, blood in urine, swollen ankles, and high blood pressure. Low levels may cause abnormalities in phosphate metabolism and weaken bones. Maintaining kidney health and preventing osteoporosis can be promoted by reducing alcohol intake and improving physical fitness.

Growth/Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15) is a protein that regulates inflammation, cell repair, growth, and ageing. High levels can indicate inflammation and result in symptoms like pain, fever, and nausea. Low levels are typical in young, healthy individuals. Managing stress, balanced nutrition, and physical fitness can help reduce the risk of health problems associated with high GDF-15.

Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) is a crucial protein involved in cell protection, organ repair and development, and inflammation. High levels of HGF indicate stress on cells, while low levels may reduce cell protection. High HGF levels can cause symptoms such as breathlessness, nausea, and chest pain. A balanced diet and avoiding excessive alcohol intake can help maintain overall organ health.

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is a protein involved in cellular functions, including inflammation, immunity, and wound healing. Normal levels are low. High levels can occur due to injury or metabolic stress. High ICAM-1 levels can lead to symptoms of inflammation such as fever, pain and nausea. Maintaining a balanced diet, avoiding high intakes of alcohol, and getting quality sleep can reduce the risk of diseases and support injury recovery.

Interferon Gamma (IFNG) is produced by immune cells in response to infection and inflammation and is involved in controlling antibody production. High IFNG may indicate inflammation. Symptoms associated with low levels include high thirst, frequent urination, slow healing and blurred vision. A healthy balanced diet, regular exercise and reduced alcohol consumption can lower the risk of many diseases and improve general immunity

Interleukin 6 receptor alpha (IL6Ra) controls the behaviour of some immune cells, regulating mood and stress. A healthy lifestyle through a balanced diet, physical activity, and stress management can help support your immune system and reduce the risk of inflammatory diseases.

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta, IL-1ß) is produced in response to inflammation and infections, making it an essential protein for immune system functioning and healing. Symptoms from high levels of IL-1ß may include pain, fever, joint stiffness, chronic fatigue, and weight gain or loss. Maintaining good general health supports the immune system and reduces the risk of inflammatory diseases. This includes avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol intake, regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is a protein secreted by various cells (including immune cells), and it regulates inflammation. Low levels can lead to excessive inflammation and an increased risk of autoimmune diseases with symptoms like joint pain and skin lesions. Maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol intake can help reduce the risk and support the immune system.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a potent anti-inflammatory protein essential for immune responses to pathogens and for preventing tissue damage. High levels may indicate inflammation and cause symptoms like pain, fever, energy loss, and appetite. Low utilization can lead to autoimmune conditions. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoiding excessive alcohol intake, and having a balanced diet and exercise can support immune health.

Interleukin-17 (IL-17A) is a chemical messenger produced by T helper cells. It plays a crucial role in immune responses. High levels of IL-17A may indicate infection or illness, which could result in fever and pain. High IL-17A can also lead to autoimmune disorders. Taking good care of your health through balanced nutrition and fitness can support your immune system and its response to illness or infection.

Interleukin 2 receptor alpha (IL-2Ra) is a protein produced by immune cells and linked to depression, anxiety and stress. High levels may indicate infection, while low levels can lead to frequent infections. A healthy lifestyle, including balanced nutrition and reduced stress, can help maintain immune balance and optimal IL-2Ra levels to fight infections.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) regulates the immune system, playing a role in antibody and T-cell responses, normal brain function, and allergies. High levels indicate an immune response and may cause pain, fever, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Low levels may provide resistance to allergies. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, fitness, stress management, and reducing alcohol intake, can support immune health.

Interleukin 6 receptor alpha (IL6Ra) controls the behaviour of some immune cells, regulating mood and stress. A healthy lifestyle through a balanced diet, physical activity, and stress management can help support your immune system and reduce the risk of inflammatory diseases.

Leptin is a hormone produced predominantly in fat cells regulating hunger, feeling of satiation and balancing food intake and energy use. Low levels are rare and can cause overeating, while high levels are linked to poor sleep and leptin resistance, resulting in increased hunger and appetite. To reduce excess leptin and improve sensitivity, maintain a balanced diet, quality sleep and regular exercise.

Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 (MCP-1; CCL2) is a chemical messenger in immune responses. High levels indicate injury, infection, and kidney inflammation and lead to symptoms like fever, pain, respiratory distress, and joint stiffness. High MCP-1 indicates a pro-inflammatory response. Reducing alcohol intake and adopting a healthy diet help support the immune system and improve overall health.

Osteopontin (OPN) is a protein involved in regulating bone tissue mineralisation, calcium crystal buildup, and immune responses. It is particularly important for older adults and women undergoing menopause because of this biomarker's role in bone density. High levels are associated with low bone density and low levels with kidney stones. To maintain healthy bones and reduce the risk of diseases, a balanced diet and regular exercise are necessary.

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is a protein that regulates blood clotting. In healthy individuals, PAI-1 concentrations are low. Deficient levels can cause excessive bleeding and slow wound healing, as the ability to form clots is impaired. High levels may be associated with clotting issues. Treatment may be necessary, but reducing alcohol intake, avoiding smoking, balanced nutrition, and stress management can help reduce the risk of clotting disorders like stroke and deep vein thrombosis.

Progesterone is a hormone essential for regulating the menstrual cycle and pregnancy in women and producing testosterone in men. Low levels in women may cause infertility and low mood. Low levels in men may cause hair loss and erectile dysfunction. High levels in women may cause anxiety and depression. High levels in men may cause higher estrogen and depression. A healthy diet and exercise can improve health, energy, and mood and reduce the risk of heart disease.

RANKL is a protein produced in various cells and tissues that regulate bone density and the immune system. It also influences bone formation. During menopause, suppressed RANKL accelerates turnover and reduces bone density, which increases the risk of fractures and osteoporosis. High RANKL levels can lead to joint pain. Low levels may cause back and leg pain. Physical activity, a balanced diet, and regular exercise can help maintain bone density and strength.

ST2 is useful as a biomarker of heart health. Heart dysfunction symptoms may include chest pain, feeling weak or faint, pain or numbness in the arms, shortness of breath, fatigue and swollen limbs. Improving your fitness through regular exercise, a balanced diet, quitting smoking and reducing alcohol intake can help prevent heart disease and cardiac stress and reduce your risk of heart failure.

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) affects the bioactive level of sex hormones. Low levels in women may lead to weight gain, increased body hair and irregular periods. In men, it may cause infertility and erectile dysfunction. High SHBG in women is linked to decreased libido, memory loss and irregular periods. In men, it can lead to infertility, low libido and reduced bone and muscle mass. Regular exercise, quality sleep, balanced nutrition, and stress management can help manage symptoms.

Testosterone is a male sex hormone involved in libido, energy, immunity and protection against osteoporosis. Elevated levels in men can lead to fertility problems and aggression, while in women, it can cause symptoms like thinning hair and infertility. Testosterone levels usually reduce with age. Low levels can cause low libido, weakened muscles and impotence in men. Improving testosterone levels can be achieved through regular exercise, stress management and quality sleep.

Thyroxine (T4) is a thyroid hormone that regulates fat metabolism, growth, body temperature, and heart rate. Low levels may indicate an underactive thyroid with symptoms like weight gain, slowed heart, and increased heart attack risk. High levels may be due to an overactive thyroid with symptoms such as weight loss, neck swelling, tremors, anxiety, and low heat tolerance. Treatment is often needed, but regular exercise, a balanced diet, and stress management can help manage symptoms.

Triiodothyronine (T3) helps regulate metabolism, growth, body temperature, and heart rate. High levels are associated with overactive thyroid with symptoms like tremors, neck swelling, and weight loss. In contrast, low levels can result in an underactive thyroid with symptoms like weight gain and low energy. Treatment is often required, but regular exercise, stress management, and balanced nutrition may improve symptoms.

Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is secreted by immune cells and is involved in inflammation and protection against infection. High levels are associated with low blood pressure, fever and muscle aches. Low levels can increase the risk of infectious diseases. Maintaining health through balanced nutrition, sleep, and stress management can help improve symptoms and boost immune system function.